Oral health is an inseparable part of your overall health. It is not only about white, shiny teeth, but also about healthy gums and other structures within the mouth. Gum problems can cause pain and discomfort, but they can also affect your quality of life and even your general health. Here is what you need to know about gum disease and how to prevent it.
What is gum disease?
Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a general term for serious conditions that can lead to tooth loss if not properly treated. These conditions are usually the result of a build-up of what is known as plaque on the teeth – a layer of bacteria and food debris that, over time, hardens into a substance called tartar. If not removed, this can cause inflammation and infection of the gums.
There are two main types of gum disease: gingivitis (gum inflammation) and periodontitis (inflammation of the periodontium). In the sections below we explain exactly what these conditions involve and answer the question of how to prevent them.
What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is a condition in which the gums become red, swollen, and bleed easily. These symptoms are usually accompanied by bad breath. It is the mildest form of gum disease, and its main cause is a bacterial plaque biofilm that builds up on the surfaces of the teeth. Many people have this condition without even realising it.
The most common cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene, infrequent brushing, and a lack of cleaning between the teeth. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes, certain medications, pregnancy, stress, and genetics.
Diagnosis and treatment of gingivitis
Gingivitis is diagnosed through a clinical examination of the mouth and an assessment of the symptoms reported by the patient. The examination is carried out by a dentist. Treatment focuses primarily on improving oral hygiene. Following your dentist’s advice, the gum inflammation should clear up within a few weeks.
What is periodontitis?
Periodontitis is an advanced form of periodontal inflammation that develops when untreated gingivitis progresses into a more serious condition. At this stage the inflammation spreads below the gumline, affecting the periodontal tissue and bone that support the teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss.
As with gingivitis, periodontitis usually results from poor oral hygiene. Other risk factors include smoking, certain conditions such as diabetes and HIV, and genetic predisposition.
The main symptom of periodontitis is the formation of deep pockets between the teeth and gums. Other symptoms include changes in tooth position or function, tooth loss, bad breath, and pain and sensitivity in the gums.
Diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis
Periodontitis is diagnosed with an X-ray, which assesses the depth of the periodontal pockets and the extent of bone loss. Treatment involves a deep clean (scaling and root planing), which removes bacteria and smooths the root surfaces. In some cases the dentist may recommend antibiotics or even surgical periodontal treatment. Although periodontitis is irreversible, appropriate treatment and good oral hygiene can halt the progression of the disease.
How to prevent gum disease
The key to preventing gum disease is maintaining good oral hygiene. This means brushing your teeth at least twice a day, flossing daily, and using a mouthwash to help remove bacteria.
Don’t forget regular dental visits, either. These are needed to monitor oral health and detect early signs of gum disease. Professional dental cleaning is needed to remove tartar that cannot be cleared by regular brushing and flossing alone.
A healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals – particularly vitamins C and D, as well as protein – supports gum health. Avoid large amounts of sugary drinks and snacks, which encourage plaque build-up. Giving up smoking is also worthwhile, as it increases the risk of gum disease by reducing the body’s ability to fight infections, including gum infections.
Summary
Gum diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious conditions that can lead to tooth loss and a general decline in health.
Preventing gum disease is possible through good oral hygiene – including regular brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash – regular dental visits, a healthy diet, giving up smoking, and managing systemic conditions.
